The fishermen say arrangements between processing companies and traders nearly drove them out of business and they are now seeking at least $1bn (£607m) in compensation and penalties.
The trial comes 12 years after fishermen docked their boats in Alaska's Bristol Bay to protest against low prices set by the seafood processors.
Largest salmon run
"The fishermen are a resource, just like the salmon are, and they need protection," said Bruce Stanford, a lawyer who filed the case in 1995.
"They need an equal playing field. And it's not equal."
Seventeen companies have been listed as defendants, including Japanese sea food giant Nippon Suisan.
Bristol Bay, in south-west Alaska, holds the world's largest run for sockeye, a type of salmon.
The most important market for the region's salmon is Japan.
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